A Guide To Electric Cars

Updated 4 November 2024 | Published 28 November 2016

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular and accessible, thanks to advances in battery technology, more charging points, and a growing range of models. For those new to EVs, this guide covers the basics you need to know about electric cars: how they work, what types are available, how far they can go, and the key models on the market.

1. Types of Electric Vehicles

There are several types of EVs available, each offering different benefits:

• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): Fully electric cars that run solely on electric power stored in a battery. BEVs produce zero emissions and require charging at an electric charging station or at home. Popular BEVs include the Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, and the Renault Zoe.
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): PHEVs have both an electric battery and a conventional petrol or diesel engine. They can operate purely on electric power for a limited range (usually 20-40 miles) and switch to fuel for longer trips. The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV and BMW 330e are popular examples.
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): These use a mix of electric and traditional fuel power, but unlike PHEVs, they cannot be charged externally. The battery charges through regenerative braking and the engine. HEVs, like the Toyota Prius, are less popular now due to limited electric-only range.

2. Key Players in the EV Market

The EV market is highly competitive, with established car manufacturers and newer companies leading the way:

• Tesla: Known for pushing EV technology forward, Tesla offers a range of high-performance, long-range electric cars, including the Model 3, Model S, and Model Y.
• Nissan: One of the pioneers of mainstream EVs, Nissan’s Leaf remains one of the world’s best-selling electric cars, providing an affordable, efficient option for urban drivers.
• Hyundai and Kia: These brands have built a reputation for reliable, high-quality EVs at competitive prices, such as the Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Kia EV6.
• BMW and Audi: Luxury carmakers like BMW and Audi have introduced electric models that combine advanced technology with premium comfort, like the BMW iX3 and Audi e-tron.

3. EV Batteries: Types and Technology

The battery is the core of any electric vehicle, directly affecting its range, charging time, and cost. Here are the key battery types and terms to understand:

• Lithium-Ion Batteries: The most common battery type in EVs, lithium-ion batteries offer good energy density and a longer lifespan. However, they can be costly to replace and are sensitive to extreme temperatures.
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP): A more recent development in EV batteries, LFP batteries are less expensive, safer, and have a longer cycle life. They’re commonly used in Tesla’s entry-level models.
• Battery Capacity: Measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), the capacity indicates how much energy a battery can store. Higher-capacity batteries generally provide more range.
• Battery Degradation: Over time, an EV battery will gradually lose capacity. However, most modern EVs come with warranties covering 8-10 years or a specific mileage.

4. EV Range: How Far Can You Go?

Range—the distance an EV can travel on a single charge—varies significantly depending on the vehicle and driving conditions. Here’s what you need to know:

• Typical Range: Most modern EVs offer ranges between 200-300 miles per charge, which is sufficient for daily commutes and moderate travel. High-end models, like the Tesla Model S or Lucid Air, can reach 400+ miles.
• Factors Affecting Range: Range can decrease due to factors like cold weather, high speeds, and heavy loads. Eco-driving and using regenerative braking can help maximise range.
• Range Anxiety: Concern over running out of charge can be a worry for new EV drivers, but with more charging points across the UK and better range in newer models, range anxiety is becoming less of an issue.

5. Charging Options and Times

Charging is an essential part of EV ownership, and there are various ways to do it:

• Home Charging: The most convenient and cost-effective way to charge. A home wallbox charger typically takes 6-12 hours for a full charge, depending on the car’s battery capacity and the charger’s power.
• Public Charging Stations: Available in cities, service stations, and car parks. Standard public chargers typically take 3-6 hours to charge an EV, while rapid chargers can provide an 80% charge in around 30-40 minutes.
• Ultra-Rapid Charging: These high-powered chargers are increasingly available along major motorways and can add hundreds of miles to an EV’s range in 15-20 minutes, though not all EVs support ultra-rapid charging.

6. Running Costs and Maintenance

EVs tend to be more economical to run than traditional petrol or diesel cars:

• Electricity Costs: Charging at home is generally much cheaper than refuelling with petrol or diesel. Off-peak electricity tariffs can further reduce charging costs.
• Lower Maintenance: EVs have fewer moving parts than combustion-engine cars, which reduces the need for servicing and costly repairs. There’s no oil to change, and brake wear is often reduced thanks to regenerative braking.
• Battery Replacement: Although EV batteries are built to last, they can be costly to replace once they degrade significantly. However, with battery technology improving, replacement is less of a concern, especially within the battery’s warranty period.

7. The Benefits of Going Electric

Switching to an EV offers several benefits beyond cost savings:

• Environmental Impact: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps improve air quality, particularly in urban areas.
• Smooth and Quiet Drive: EVs deliver instant torque, resulting in a quick, smooth acceleration, and operate quietly, providing a pleasant driving experience.
• Future-Proofing: With cities implementing low-emission zones, owning an EV can mean easier access to city centres and fewer charges compared to combustion-engine vehicles.

8. Considerations Before You Buy

When deciding on an EV, keep these factors in mind:

• Range Needs: Consider your daily driving distance. If you frequently travel long distances, an EV with a larger range or a PHEV might be more suitable.
• Charging Access: Evaluate if you can charge at home or rely on nearby charging stations. Those with easy access to home or workplace charging will benefit most from an EV.
• Budget and Incentives: Although the upfront cost of EVs can be higher, they are generally cheaper over time. Also, look out for local incentives or schemes for EV buyers.